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Oko Skakavice
Voda iz prokletijskog vrela Oko Skakavice (alb. Syni Skakavcit), prosječne temperature do 5°C, izbija na oko 1000 mnv iz stijene u gotovo kružnoj uvali promjera 30-ak metara. |
PODZEMNI VODOTOCI
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Ponornica (slov. ponikalnica; eng. Subterranean river) je rijeka koja dijelom svoje dužine ili cijelom dužinom teče ispod zemlje kroz krški sustav. Tipične su u dinarskom području, gdje čine većinu tokova svježe vode. Ponornice su osobito važne za hidrologiju krša, budući isti vodeni tok u kontinuitetu spaja više zemljopisno razdvojenih područja. Time ponornice hidrološki povezuju naizgled zemljopisno odvojena područija u jedinstveno porječje.
Najpoznatije slovenske ponornice su: Najpoznatije hrvatske ponornice su: Ponornice u Bosni i Hercegovini:
Ponornice u Crnoj Gori:
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Rijeka Reka teče podzemno kroz Šumeče jame u Škocjanskim jamama
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PODZEMNA JEZERA
Križna jama - Beneški pristan
Izvor fotografije: Javno vlasništvo, Wikipedija 
Podzemni otok u Križnoj jami - Beneški pristan
Izvor fotografije: Javno vlasništvo, Wikipedija |
Najbrojnija i najpoznatija otkrivena podzemna jezera u Sloveniji su ona u Križnoj jami. Križna jama leži u trokutu između Loškog polja, Cerkniškog polja i Bloške visoravni. Među krškim špiljama Križna jama je u svijetu poznata upravo po podzemnim jezerima. U Jezerskom (Jezerski rov) i Pisanom rovu (Pisani rov) ima ih 22, a zajedno s tunelom Blata više od 40. Jezera su nastala iza barijera koje su izgradile sige, do čijeg je stvaranja došlo kalcita iz vode. Izuzetno spori rast ovih pregrada (do 0,1 mm godišnje) i njihova krhkost glavna su prepreka masovnom turizmu u špilji i ograničavanju dnevnog turističkog posjeta vodenom dijelu špilje na 4 osobe.
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Naslovna fotografija
Krško vrelo rijeke Slunjčice (Slušnice), pritoke rijeke Korane. Vrelo Slunjčice je u obliku malog jezerca koje se nalazi 5 km južno od Slunja na 240 m nadmorske visine. Slunjčica je tipična krška rijeka, a predstavlja završetak podzemnog toka rijeke Jesenice.
Krško vrelo rijeke Slunjčice (Slušnice), pritoke rijeke Korane. Vrelo Slunjčice je u obliku malog jezerca koje se nalazi 5 km južno od Slunja na 240 m nadmorske visine. Slunjčica je tipična krška rijeka, a predstavlja završetak podzemnog toka rijeke Jesenice.
IZVORI I LITERATURA
BAUČIĆ, Ivo: Hydrological characteristics of the Dinaric karst in Croatia with a special regards to the underground water connections. Naše jame, 1965. vol.7, br.1-2, str. 61-72, Ljubljana. (PDF)PDF)
- Sažetak. HIDROLOŠKE OSOBITOSTI DINARSKOG KRŠA U HRVATSKOJ S POSEBNIM OSVRTOM NA PODZEMNE VODNE VEZE. Nakon drugog svjetskog rata u Dinarskom kršu vrše se opsežni hidrotehnički zahvati. Energetskom i ostalom korišćenju voda u kršu nužno prethode raznovrsna istraživanja. Za upoznavanje osobina krške hidrologije osobito značenje imaju brojna bojenja ponora, kojima su utvrđene njihove podzemne veze s vrelima. Do sada je u hrvatskom dijelu Dinarskog krša bojenjem utvrđivana veza na 39 ponora. Time je obuhvaćen relativno mali deo svih ponora u ovom dijelu Dinarida, ali su unatoč tome postignuti značajni rezultati. Egzaktnim podacima omogućeno je bolje sagledavanje karakteristika podzemnog kretanja vode i eksperimentalna metoda postaje osnov upoznavanja hidrologije krša. Na priloženim skicama (slike 1—4) uneseni su osnovni rezultati dosadašnjih bojenja. Ponovljeno bojenje nekih ponora redovito je dalo drugačije rezultate podzemnih vodnih veza, pa do sada utvrđene veze ponor—izvor ne treba smatrati isključivima, već rezultatom specifičnih hidroloških uvjeta u vrijeme kada je izvršeno bojenje. Uzevši u cjelini dosadašnja bojenja ukazuju na vrlo velike raznolikosti podzemnog kretanja vode u pojedinim područjima obzirom na specifične petrografske, geološke, tektonske, orografske, klimatske i ostale uvjete. Utvrđeni su vrlo raznoliki međusobni odnosi podzemnih tokova. U podzemlju se tokovi račvaju, spajaju, ukrštajavu na različitim nivoima i slično. Unutrašnjošću krša tokovi se kreću različitom brzinom, obojena voda pojavljuje se na vrelima u vrlo raznolikim koncentracijama boje i drugo. Sve ove i mnoge druge osobitosti podzemnih vodnih veza u Dinarskom kršu upućuju na vrlo veliku složenost hidrologije krša, onemogućuju šabloniziranje procesa podzemne cirkulacije vode i iziskuju svestrana i višestruka istraživanja svakog krš-kog toka u različitim hidrološkim uvjetima.
- Sažetak. This paper gives a comprehensive explanation of the hydrogeological and hydrological characteristics of different water occurrence, which exists in the extremely complex Dinaric karst system. The area and boundaries of the Dinaric karst have never been precisely determined. It covers about 60,000 km2 stretching the length of the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, from the Bay of Trieste in the north, to the Drim River basin in the south, and the Western Morava River valley in the east. Due to very high infiltration rates, overland and surface flows are rare in comparison with non-karst terrains. The Dinaric karst is an extremely heterogeneous medium which can be explained only by the use of a great number of measurements points and by continuously monitoring and measuring different parameters. The hydrogeological and hydrological regime of all water phenomena in the Dinaric karst depends mostly upon the interaction between groundwater and surface water. The dominant flow of the groundwater contained in the Dinaric karst is towards the Adriatic Sea through rivers and many permanent and intermittent coastal and submarine springs. The paper presents many examples of karst water phenomena from the Dinaric karst: (1) springs (Jadro, Ombla and Crnojevića Springs); (2) open streamflows (Ljubljanica, Pazinčica, Dobra, Lika, Gacka, Krka, Zrmanja and Cetina Rivers); (3) lakes and wetlands (Cerknica, Vrana, Plitvice, Vransko, Red and Blue Lakes); and (4) coastal and island karst (Brač Island).
- Sažetak. The very complex system of sinking, losing and underground transboundary Karst rivers, lakes and aquifers in the central part of the deep and bare Dinaric karst in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina is analysed. The groundwater and surface water are hydraulically connected through numerous karst forms which facilitate the exchange of water between the surface and subsurface. A complex underground conduit system is an inherent characteristic karst system analysed. Groundwater and surface water exchange with both adjacent and distant aquifers through underground routes or inflows from surface streams and artificial reservoirs. Because of a complex surface and underground karst features, which strongly influenced its hydrological and hydrogeological regime, the main open stream flow, with a longitude of about 106 km, undergoes eight name changes. In this paper, it is noted as “the eight-name river”. In fact, it represents one river with losing, sinking and underground stream sections. Different surface and underground karst forms play crucial roles in the way the water flowing over the surface and on the underground sections of its catchment. The analysed area is full of varied and often spectacular surface landforms, including for example the Blue and Red Lakes and the Kravice Waterfall. The analyses made in the paper show the existence of a decreasing trend of mean annual discharges on the eight-name river, which can cause numerous problems in the regional water resource management of this transboundary river and catchment.
- Sažetak. Researching the hydrogeological properties of karst systems is very challenging due to their extreme heterogeneity. A grey-box approach in karst research combines the results from classical hydrogeological methods with direct observations within the karstic underground, i.e. in the caves. Isotope research has become a widely used method in the investigation of karst systems. The results presented are of a preliminary 2H and 18O stable isotope study of the Northern Velebit karst system (Croatia) employing the grey-box approach. Groundwater samples were collected during two summer expeditions in deep caves within the karst massif. Monthly precipitation samples were also collected (at three locations between approx. 900 m and 1600 m altitude), as well as water samples at some of the most significant springs, i.e. discharge outlets of the system. For a single expedition, the stable isotope composition is almost constant, i.e. the stable isotope measurements are within the measurement error across the complete cave profile. Similar characteristics across different caves during the same year were also noted. Samples of water from the springs were taken during base-flow conditions and they have similar isotopic contents to the cave water. The results obtained indicate that homogenization of the water already occurs within the subsurface epikarst zone above the sampling locations in the caves, but a future extended sampling campaign during variable hydrologic conditions is needed to confirm this. The final research goal is to establish a conceptual grey-box model for the functioning of this complex hydrogeological system.
